The Coalescent Theory and Evolution

One part of the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory involves population biology and, on an even smaller level, population genetics. Since evolution is measured in units within populations and only populations can evolve and not individuals, then population biology and population genetics are intricate parts of the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection. How the Coalescent Theory Affects the Theory of Evolution When Charles Darwin first published his ideas of evolution and natural selection, the field of Genetics had yet to be discovered. Since tracing alleles and genetics is a very important part of population biology and population genetics, Darwin did not fully cover those ideas in his books. Now, with more technology and knowledge under our belts, we can incorporate more population biology and population genetics into the Theory of Evolution. One way this is done is through the coalescence of alleles. Population biologists look at the gene pool and all available alleles within the population. They then try to trace the origin of these alleles back through time to see where they started. The alleles can be traced back through various lineages on a phylogenetic tree to see where they coalesce or come back together (an alternate way of looking at it is when the alleles branched off from one another). Traits always coalesce at a point called the most recent common ancestor. After the most recent common ancestor, the alleles separated and evolved into new traits and most likely the populations gave rise to new species. The Coalescent Theory, much like Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, has a few assumptions that eliminate changes in alleles through chance events. The Coalescent Theory assumes there is no random genetic flow or genetic drift of alleles into or out of the populations, natural selection is not working on the selected population over the given time period, and there is no recombination of alleles to form new or more complex alleles. If this holds true, then the most recent common ancestor can be found for two different lineages of similar species. If any of the above are in play, then there are several obstacles that have to be overcome before the most recent common ancestor can be pinpointed for those species. As technology and understanding of the Coalescent Theory become more readily available, the mathematical model that accompanies it has been tweaked. These changes to the mathematical model allow some of the previously inhibitive and complex issues with population biology and population genetics have been taken care of and all types of populations may then be used and examined using the theory.

Item Personality Inventory ( Tipi ) - 847 Words

In approach to the assignment I used the Ten – Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) to rate my own personality. I also recruited the assistance of my husband to score my personality traits using this same measure. According to my scores I believe that I am medium low in extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness while also self-scoring my level of agreeableness at a low. I took a good bit of time in scoring each personality trait, because I wanted to be as truthful with myself as possible. My husband of four years also scored me with what he says is complete honesty and according to his responses, I ranked high in openness, medium high in conscientiousness, medium low in extraversion, and low in both agreeableness and emotional stability. We agreed on traits such as extraversion and agreeableness, and I feel that this true based on our commonalities. I believe that is because of we share some of the same attitudes in respect to how much we shar e with people we haven’t know long, and the ways in which we chose to share excitement and things of that nature. We also were able to have a matching rank on the agreeableness, this is where I could tell he truly rated me on the scale with complete Rusk 2 honesty. He ranked me at a low I believe because, he has a unique ability to not take peoples claims, or inaccurate statements, and I find it really hard to shut my mouth. Even during a personal argument I will continue to badger theShow MoreRelatedThe Big Five Assessment Report Will Not Be Used1097 Words   |  5 PagesTo keep things anonymous, the participants name during the big five assessment report will not be used. According to (Webster, 2015), personality is defined as â€Å"the quality or state of a being person.† There are thousands of different traits that can make up a persons personality. One-way to measure a beings trait is to use the five-factor model, also known as the big five traits. ( Larson Buss, 2014) defined the five-factor model as: A trait taxonomy that has its roots in the lexical hypothesisRead MoreRelationships Between Friendliness And Hostility And Agreeableness1661 Words   |  7 Pageswell as friendliness and hostility having a stronger negative correlation than we anticipated. Keywords: Friendliness, Hostility, Agreeableness, Personality Friendliness in College-age Students In this study we aimed to look at the personality trait of friendliness. Friendliness can be defined as the good nature, amiability of one’s personality. In other words: how agreeable and outgoing one is towards others. Friendliness has been found to be more prevalent in females than males (MoskowitzRead MoreIn This Study, A Total Of 109 Participants Varying In Age1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthe individual. 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With a variety of theories and tests to determine what composes an individual, from MBTI to Rorschach s Inkblot test, there are many ways of quantifying seemingly qualitative traits. One of these testing methodsRead MoreCollege Alcohol Case Study901 Words   |  4 Pagesof their peers’ and parents’ alcohol beliefs and behaviors as well as their own personality characteristics and drinking behaviors. More information on the measures used can be found in the next section. Measures Data was collected to assess current perceptions of parental monitoring, permissiveness, peer drinking norms, and friends’ acceptance of alcohol use. Information was also collected in regard to personality characteristics and personal alcohol use as well as basic demographic informationRead MoreEssay On Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1268 Words   |  6 Pageson how adults handle the changes in the work force or how they change to fit it. B)This study was made to see if personality traits can predict adaptability in the work place. 415 undergrads from a university in Turkey and there was a fairly good sample size for both genders though there were more woman than men. Career adaptability was measured using a 1-5 scale on twenty-five items. Resilience, hope, and optimism were also measured as positive traits. This was a self-report research experimentRead MoreEvaluating A Structured Self Administered Survey Questionnaire Essay1875 Words   |  8 Pagesthe organization. The f our items will be in the form of multiple choice questions in which respondents will be required to choose only one choice. Section B will seek to measure the level of adoption of E-Marketing by their organizations based on a four item multiple choice questions in which the respondents will be requires will be asked to choose only one choice applicable to them. Section C will seek to measure the Independent variables. The first item will be statements on relativeRead MoreLife Satisfaction As A Measure Of Extroversion, Fear Of Negative Evaluation, And Mate Seeking Behavior2292 Words   |  10 Pagesscales used the English language. Extroversion: To test extroversion, the study used the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Muck, Hell, Gosling, 2003). The scale works by measuring the Big Five personality traits; Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience. These are the chosen five traits because they dictate the best framework for personality research. This assessment is largely in part made up of Goldberg’s findings, in his list of unipolar

Nogo Railroad Free Essays

Case Summary: NoGo Railroad Dave Keller a chief dispatcher with limited managerial experience has gotten a major promotion, making him the communication manager of the division. However this promotion has come with numerous problems. Because of NoGo Railroads unique operations it has had little to no competition and no compelling reason to modernize operations, but that is about to change as Dave has been given the mandate to observe different job functions, eliminate obsolete practices and modernize wherever possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Nogo Railroad or any similar topic only for you Order Now With rumors running rampant through the organization of layoffs and job function changes, as well as previous failed attempts to implement other job changes similar to what management is again trying to implement, Dave realizes that he has a few problems ahead of him. With key problems being cutting employee costs and morale problems brought about by blatant nepotism and feather bedding, Dave believes that by eliminating these issues it would prevent major layoff for clerks and telegraph operators. Both groups however would have to accept changes that would result in reduced compensation and possibly additional responsibilities for them all. With a firm backing from a Union that is known to be rigid against concessions in these areas Dave needs help from upper management that seems to not be forth coming. Coupled with his uncertainty about resistance action that may be taken by the group Dave is feeling vulnerable and apprehensive about his new job and is questioning the intent behind his promotion. Questions and Task Assignment 1. Identify and explain the changes you would make to the current employment arrangement? Sean Murray Kemoy Miller 2. What strategies would you put in place to effectively manage the change? Explain the relationship between these strategies and the possible resistance to the changes. – Racheal Callaghan Aundre Hamilton 3. Using the case as a reference point, explain the importance of change/change management, and discuss its relationship to effective organization management and performance. – Asha-Gaye Graham David Rogers. Question 1: Changes to the Employment Arrangement (Insert answer here) Question 2: Resistance to Change and Management Strategies The inability of people to adapt to change is not new. Employees are not always receptive to change due to a combination of factors. Management may mitigate against high levels of change resistance by taking these factors into consideration and designing and implementing strategies to deal with issues that may arise. Some factors to consider are as follows: 1. Self Interest- Employees tend to resist a change they believe conflicts with their self-interests. A proposed change in job design, structure or technology may increase an employee’s workload, for example, or cause a real or perceived loss of power, prestige, pay or benefits. (Daft, 2012) This factor seems evident in the case of NoGo Railroads as a key source of disgruntlement for employees was the rumor that they may have to assume responsibilities outside of their job descriptions without an increase in compensation, as well as a general reduction of benefits with the changes in the contractual pay agreement. . Lack of Understanding or Trust- Employees often distrust the intentions behind a change or do not understand the intended purpose of a change. (Daft, 2012) Information about the changes that were to be implemented was far from free flowing and easily accessible. Instead rumors, whether true or untrue took main precedent and resulted in increased levels of distrust as employees were not fully aware of the reasons for the need for change and the actions that were to take place at NoGo. 3. Uncertainty- Uncertainty is a lack of information about future events and represents a fear of the unknown. It is especially threatening for employees who have a low tolerance for change and a fear of anything outside of the ordinary. They do not know how a change will affect them and worry about whether they will be able to meet the demands of a new procedure or technology. (Daft, 2012) Poor access to good information lead to low trust levels of trust and also uncertainty which only increased NoGo’s employees’ resistance to change. . Different Assessment and Goals- Another reason for resistance in change is that people who will be affected by a change or innovation may access the situation differently from an idea champion i. e. in individual or group leading the change movement. (Daft, 2012) In response to these factors one may choose to either conduct a force field analysis of the situation, which involves â€Å"weighing† the driving forces (problems or motiva tions that provide motivation for change) against the restraining forces (various barriers to change). Another approach would be to adopt specific tactics to overcome resistance depending on the main factors causing the resistance. Some strategies include: * Communication and education, which essentially is the attempt to overcome uncertainty and lack of understanding by providing free flowing access to accurate and clear information about the change and its results. * Participation, which involves including stakeholders of the change into the change process in order to have them understand and commit to the change. Negotiation, or the use of formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval for a desired change * Coercion, and the use of formal powers by managers to force the change on employees * And finally, top management support, that sees top executives reinforcing the importance of innovation both verbally and symbolically which signals to employees that the changes is important for the entire organization. In the case of NoGo the most effective strategies would be a combination of four of the specific tactics, namely Communication and education, participation, negotiation and top management support. Communication and education would be used to tackle the issues of distrust and uncertainty. By clearly informing employees of the objectives of the exercise, outlining the actions that are to take place and the benefits of these actions, all employees will be on the same page and dialogue that would ensue between management and the employees could be used to provide clarification and reassurance to employees where necessary, reducing the chances of conflict. After educating employees on the change that is to take place having them participate in the change would be the next step. By including them in the ecision making where necessary would mean they would be more vested in the project and less likely to reject something they helped build. Because of the role of the unions in employee affairs negotiations would be a must as a part of NoGo’s change implementation process, especially in regards to the pay contract. By coming to a mutually acceptable decision, conflicts are excee dingly avoidable. Finally after working to get employees vested in the change process it is important to now reinforce the importance of the drive for this change by top management showing their support for the initiative. This would assure employees that this process is indeed an organizational wide one, and everyone is vested in the effort and its challenges and successes. Question 3: Change Management and Effective Organizational Management NOGO Railroad has experienced little to no competition over the years. A need for change was identified by Dave Keller the Communications. Change Management will modify and transform the organization so as to facilitate efficiency and performance. Change is crucial to an organization’s survival, as it allows the organization to survive in a dynamic environment. Change is important as it allows an organization to able to be flexible and develop/maintain an organic structure. To achieve this NOGO Railroad will need to conduct an Organizational Development intervention. This intervention will include activities such as: team building, inter-group educational and training, structural, interpersonal, coaching and career planning and organizational transformation. With these activities the culture and structure of the organization will change in such a way, which will improve the productivity of the organization, lower absenteeism, increase loyalty, lower human resource cost with the added implementation and enforcement of proper human resource policies. Reference Daft, R. (2012). New Era of Management. 10th Edition. South- Western: Cengage Learning. Hayes. J,(2002) The Theory and Practice of Change Management. MacMillian Holbeche. L,(2006) Understanding Change: Theory, Implementation and Success. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. How to cite Nogo Railroad, Essay examples

Paracetamol Pain Reliever and Reducer of Fever

Question: Write an essay on Paracetamol. Answer: Introduction: Paracetamol which is also referred to as acetaminophen is a pain reliever and reducer of fever. Paracetamol is also an effective medication for health problems like a headache, arthritis, colds, muscle aches, swelling of joints, etc. People with a regular addiction of alcohols cannot consume paracetamol as it can cause liver cirrhosis (Berg et al., 2012). Paracetamol is composed with the combination of medicines such as acetaminophen or APAP. These types of medicines also produce side effects on continuous consumption. The side effects include such as low fever, loss of appetite including dark colored stools, dark urine, stomach pain, swelling of the face, allergic reactions, breathing problems, etc. Paracetamol is also as an efficient medication for the patients suffering from Down syndrome. The paracetamol combines with glutathione is much preferable for these patients. This is because the patients suffering from Down syndrome are deficient in the production of Glutathione due extr a chromosomes over expression of the SOD-1 gene. As the Glutathione is an important antioxidant, it helps the free radicals to combine with the oxidative stress with the Down syndrome. Whereas the acetaminophen helps in deplete the glutathione levels in the liver, which is very important for the patient suffering from down syndromes. This is the place where it is produced and stored in the body. Due to this reason it causes a bad situation, and more oxidative damage occurs in the patient, therefore, causing liver failure. This is the reason why the paracetamol which is medicated to the patients with Down syndrome are combined with glutathione so that the situation is solved (Stahl et al., 2015). Discussion: The case study 3 is about a child Robert Small, who is of 5 years and a patient suffering from the trisomy 21 disease. He is a patient of 20 kgs weight. The trisomy 21 is a Down syndrome disorder generally due to alteration in the genetic conditions. The trisomy 21 is a specific condition where the extra chromosome, which is the chromosome 21, production, starts in the development of the egg or the sperm. At the time when the egg and the sperm combine for the formation of the fertilized egg, three chromosomes combine instead of two chromosomes (as in normal cases). According to the cell division, the extra chromosome gets repeated in each cell produces in the cell division. Therefore, the baby suffers from Down syndrome disorder. The patient, Robert Small also has a difficulty in speaking, and other intellectual difficulties. The other symptoms which are included in his health fever of 38.5, irritable attitude, lethargic, etc. The child was provided with paracetamol. The drug protoco l for administering paracetamol in case of children involves the ways, such as: oral dose, intravenous, rectal suppositories, etc. The dosage which is prescribed by the doctor is 300 mg of paracetamol in every 4 hours, as the child was slightly obsessed. As the child is a patient of Down syndrome disorder, therefore, he should be avoided with the acetaminophen type of medicines. If the patient has to take the medicine must be provided with the short period or with the high amount of glutathione, so that it causes no oxidative damage to the body (Valkenburg et al., 2015). A normal child of the age 4years to 6 years is administered with paracetamol of approximately about 240 mg for every 4 hours interval. But in this case, as the child is a patient of trisomy 21, the patient should be supplied with the limited amount of paracetamol or with the combination of a high amount of glutathione. As the pediatrician has prescribes with 300 mg which is high for the child. The paracetamol was prescribed to Robert for the treatment of the fever, which should be processed with strict notice, that as soon as the child gets relief from fever, the paracetamol should be stopped (Richards, 2014). This is because the child with trisomy 21 may undergo sever health problems and may lead to heart attacks and breathing problems for continuous consumption of the drug. As the patient has no allergic report, therefore, it is safe to give him any combinations of a drug provided the fact that his body does not react for this Down syndrome disorder, due to oxidative damage. For th e utilization of small amount of the drug, the way of drug application should be improvised. As a result, as paracetamol is best absorbed when applied intravenously. Therefore, Robert is applied with paracetamol intravenously for a better result in a few drugs (Allegaert et al., 2013). Paracetamol is consisting of a low plasma protein of 10% to 25%; as a result, the distribution throughout the body is wide. Paracetamol is also a water soluble compound. Therefore, the distribution rate in rapid, and the concentration rate ranges to 10 mg per liter to 15 mg per liter (Mohammed et al., 2014). This is only possible when the child is subjected to the drug intravenously. If the administered dose is more than 90%, then it is eliminated through urine. According to the blood culture report, full blood count, the doctor referred the child with antibiotics which are suitable for the health of the child. Some of the commercial paracetamol includes Tylenol, Theraflu, Panadol, Pamprin, etc. Emergency stoppage of the drug should be done experiencing the symptoms such as skin rash, diarrhea, swelling, respiratory problems, etc. (Narayan et al., 2015). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that patients suffering from Down syndrome disorders must be provided with less amount of Tylenol or drugs with the combination of acetaminophen, because the acetaminophen decays the glutathione which is the main oxidative support of the body. After that, if the patient has to provide with the drug must be provided with the combination of high glutathione concentrations. The input of the respective drug depends on the physical condition, the weight and the height of the patient; it also includes the age of the patient. This is because children of variable ages are to provide with the definite amount of the drug and the adults of various ages are to be provided with the higher concentration of the drug. Medication is a vital issue for the patients with or without physical disabilities. Therefore, it to be maintained by the physicians and in another hand, the parent awareness is also another issue which is required to guide the situation with. References: Allegaert, K., Anderson, B., Simons, S., Van Overmeire, B. (2013). Paracetamol to induce ductus arteriosus closure: is it valid?. Archives of disease in childhood, 98(6), 462-466. Berg, P., Becker, T., Martian, A., Danielle, P. K., Wingen, J. (2012). Motor control outcomes following Nintendo Wii use by a child with Down syndrome. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 24(1), 78-84. Mohammed, B. S., Cameron, G. A., Helms, P. J., McLay, J. S. (2014). Pharmacokinetics of Single Dose Intravenous Paracetamol in Children. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences, 3(2), 18-23. Narayan, H., Thomas, S. H., Eddleston, M., Dear, J. W., Sandilands, E., Nicholas Bateman, D. (2015). Disproportionate effect on child admissions of the change in Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency guidance for management of paracetamol poisoning: an analysis of hospital admissions for paracetamol overdose in England and Scotland. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 80(6), 1458-1463. Richards, A. (2014). Genes and environment.Essential Pathophysiology For Nursing And Healthcare Students, 36. Stahl, S. H., Yates, J. W., Nicholls, A. W., Kenna, J. G., Coen, M., Ortega, F., ... Wilson, I. D. (2015). Systems toxicology: modelling biomarkers of glutathione homeostasis and paracetamol metabolism. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 15, 9-14. Valkenburg, A. J., de Leeuw, T. G., van Dijk, M., Tibboel, D. (2015). Pain in Intellectually Disabled Children: Towards Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy?.Pediatric Drugs,17(5), 339-348. Viberg, H., Eriksson, P., Gordh, T., Fredriksson, A. (2014). Paracetamol (acetaminophen) administration during neonatal brain development affects cognitive function and alters its analgesic and anxiolytic response in adult male mice. toxicological sciences, 138(1), 139-147.